ution.
ThereplacementoftheEarthascenteroftheuniversebyHeliocentrism.
DeprecationoftheAristoteliantheorythatmatterwascontinuousandmadeupoftheelementsEarth,Water,Air,andFirebecauseitsclassicrival,Atomism,betterlentitselftoa"mechanicalphilosophy"ofmatter.
ThereplacementoftheAristoteliantheorythatheavybodies,bytheirnature,movedstraightdowntowardtheirnaturalplaces;thatlightbodies,bytheirnature,movedstraightuptowardtheirnaturalplace;andthatetherealbodies,bytheirnature,movedinunchangingcircularmotionswiththeideathatallbodiesareheavyandmoveaccordingtothesmaephysicallaws.
Inertiareplacedthemedievalimpetustheory,thatunnaturalmotion("forced"or"violent"rectilinearmotion)iscausedbycontinuousactionoftheoriginalforceimpartedbyamoverintothatwhichismoved.
ThereplacementofGalen'streatmentofthevenousandarterialsystemsastwoseparatesystemswithWilliamHarvey'sconceptthatbloodcirculatedfromthearteriestotheveins"impelledinacircle,andisinastateofceaselessmotion".
Harvey(1578-1657)↑
Manyoftheimportantfiguresofthescientificrevolution,however,sharedintheRenaissancerespe(1473-1543),Kepler(1571-1630),Newton(1642-1727)andGalileoGalilei(1564-1642)alltracsofmotionwerealreadyacceptedbymathematicianssuchasHuygens(1629-1695),Wallace,Wrenandothers,andalsoinmemosinhisdraftpreparationsofthesecondeditionofthePrincipiaheattributedi,hisPrincipia'sfirstlawofmotionwasthesameasAristotle'scounterfactualprincipleofinterminablelocomotioninavoidstatedinPhysicsandwasalsoendorsedbyancientGreekatomistsandothers.
Nicolauscopernicus(1473-1543)↑
Kepler(1571-1630)↑
GalileoGalilei(1564-1642)↑
Newton(1642-1727)↑
Thegeocentricmodelwasnearlyuniversallyaccepteduntil1543whenNicolauscopernicuspublishedhisbookentitledDerevol,thefindingsofVesaliuscorrectedthepreviousanatomicalteachingsofGalen,whichwerebaseduponthedissectionofanimalseventhoughtheyweresupposedtobeaguidetothehumanbody.
AndreasVesalius(1514-1564)wasanauthorofoneofthemostinfluentialbooksonhumananatomy,Dehumanicorporisfabrica,()isconsideredasoneofthefathersofsurgery;hewasleaderinsurgicaltechniquesandbattlefieldmedicine,oColombo(),theanatomistWillianHarvey(1578-1738)(1668-1738)issometimesreferredtoasa"fatherofphysiology"duetohisexemplaryteachinginLeidenandtextbook'institutionesmedicine'(1708).
AndreasVesalius(1514-1564)↑
(1678-1761)starteddentistryscienceasweknowittoday,andhehasbeennamed"thefatherofmoderndentistry".
PierreVernier(1580-1637)(1607-1647)(1540-1603)gavethefirstnotationofmodernalgebra,JohnNapier(1550-1617)inventedlogarithms,andEdmundGunter(1581-1626)createdthelogarithmicscales(lines,orrules)(1575-1660)whofirstusedtwosuchscalesslidingbyoneanothertoperformdirectmultiplicationanddivision;andthusiscreditedastheinventorofthesliderulein1622.
BlaisePascal(1623-1662)econceptseageofsixteen,andlatercorrespondedwithPierredeFermat(1601-1665)onprobalilitytheory,stronglyinfluencingthedevelopmentofmoderneconomicsandsocialscience.
BlaisePascal(1623-1662)↑
GottfriedLeibniz(1646-1716),buildingonPascal'swork,becameoneofthemostprolificinventorsinthefieldofmachanicalcalculators;hewasthefirsttodescribeapinwheelcalculatorin1685andinventedtheLeibnizwheel,usedinthearithmometer,,foundationofvirtuallyallmoderncomputorarchitectures.
GottfriedLeibniz(1646-1716)↑
JohnHadley(1682-1744)wasmathematicianinventoroftheoctant,theprecursortothesextant,Hadleyalsodevelopedwaystomakeprecisionasphericandparabolicobjectivemirrorsforreflectingtelescopes,buildingthefirstparabolicNewtoniantelescopeandaGregoriantelescopewithaccuratelyshapedmirrors.
DenisPapin(1647-1712)wasbestknownforhispioneeringinventionofthestreamdigester,(1678-1717)wasthefirst,andmostfamous,ofthreegenerationswiththatnameinanAbrah(1664-1729)perfectedapracticalsteamengineforpumpingwater,,hecanberegardedasaforefatheroftheIndustrialRevolution.
In1672,OttovonGuericke(1602-1686),wasthefirsthumanonrecordtoknowinglygenerateelectriictyusingamachine,andin1729,StephenGray(1666-1726)demonstratedthatelectricitycouldbe"transmitted"throughmetalfilaments,Thefirstelectricalstoragedevicewasinventedin1745,theso-called"LeydenJar",andin1749,BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)()patentedanearlysteamengine.
GermanscientistGeorgAgricola(1494-1555),knownas"thefatherofmineralogy",(1627-1691)wascreditedwiththediscoveryofBoyle',"fatherofmodernchemistry"isAntoineLavoisier(1743-1794)whodevelopedhislawofconservationofmassin1789,alsocalledLavoisier',thatis,,HerryCavendish(1731-1810),JosephPriestley(1773-1810)discoveredoxygen.
GermanphysicianLeonhartFuchs(1501-1566)wasoneofthethreefoundingfathersofbotany,alongwithOttoBrunfels(1489-1534)andHieronymusBock(1498-1554)(alsocalledHieronymusTragus).ValeriusCordus(1515-1554)authoredoneofthegreatestpharmacopoeiasandoneofthemostcelebratedherbalsinhistory,dispensatorium(1546).
InhisSystemaNaturae,publishedin1767,CarlvonLinne(1707-1778)cataloguedallthelivingcreaturesintoasinglesystemthatdefinedtheirmorphologicalrelationstooneanother:"FatherofTaxonomy".GeorgesBuffon(1707-1778),wasperhapsthemostimportantofCharlesDarwin',hewrotehismonumentalHistoirenaturelle,generaleetparticuliere,whichincludedeverythingknownaboutthenaturalworldupuntilthatdate.
GeorgesBuffon(1707-1778)↑
AlongwiththeinventorandmicroscopistRoberHooke(1625-1703),SirChristopherWren(1632-1723)andSirIssacNewton(1642-1727),EnglishscientistandastronomerEdmondHalley(1656-1742)'sstarcatalogueof1678wasthefirsttocontaintelescopicallydeterminedlocationsofsouthernstars.
Manyhistorians'sDerevolutionibusfollowedtheoutlineandmethodsetbyPtolemyinhisAlmagestandemployedgeometricalconstructionsthathadbeendevelopedpreviouslybytheMaraghehschoolinhisheliocentricmodel,andthatGalileo'smathematicaltreatmentofaccelerationandhisconceptofimpetusrejectedearliermedievalanalysesofmotion,rejectingbyname:Averroes,Avempace,JeanBuridan,andJohnPhiloponus.
Thestandardtheoryofthehistoryofthescientificrevolutioiementaldevelopments,butthatevenmoreimportantly,Newton'sPrincipiawasanti-mechanistandhighlyAristotelian,beingspecificallydirectedattherefutationofanti-AristotelianCartesianmechanism,andnotmoreempiricalthanitalreadywasatthebeginningofthecenturyorearlierintheworksofscientistssuchasBenedetti,GalileoGalilei,orJohannesKepler.
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